Non-invasive brain stimulation in treatment of children and adolescents with disabilities
Abstract
Methods of non-invasive brain stimulation (or neuromodulation) including rTMS, TBS, tDCS, tACS, and tRNS are a recent hot topic in applied neuroscience. The efficacy of these methods in treatment of patients with mental disorders and/or developmental disabilities is still being investigated as no consensus between academics has been reached in this area by so far.
In Ukraine this area of research is underrepresented in academia. At the same time different methods of NIBS are offered on the market by private practitioners and claimed to be effective e.g. in treatment of autism spectrum disorders.
In this literature review we strive to characterize the main methods of NIBS to further the understanding of strength and limitations of these methods in order to provide Ukrainian practitioners and service receivers with basis for making informed decisions about whether to participate in NIBS interventions.
We describe the neurobiological mechanisms of two major NIBS technologies – transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electric stimulation (tES). Also we characterize the main methods of NIBS used today: repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); theta-burst stimulation (TBS); transcranial direct current (tDCS) and alternating current (tACS) stimulation, and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). Finally, we review the evidence for the efficacy of different NIBS approaches in treatment of children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders and developmental disabilities (ASD, ADHD, CP, epilepsy etc).
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